The Kurds are one of the biggest ethnic groups in the Middle East. They originate from Kurdistan, a mountainous region spanning southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. In Iran, they represent around 10% of the population and primarily reside in the western highlands. As the third-largest ethnic group in Iran, following Persian and Turkish speakers, Kurds have preserved their rich cultural identity despite historical challenges and borders that divide their lands.
Iranian Kurds are known for their bravery, often standing strong to defend the nation’s borders. Their unmatched hospitality shines through, as they welcome guests with warmth and generosity. Historically, groups like the Ayyârân stood out as champions of justice, always ready to help those in need. Moreover, they embrace life with vibrant celebrations, music, and dance. This reflects a deep-rooted joy, which contributes to making them one of the most spirited communities in Iran
Kurds in Iran primarily reside in the western highlands, including Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, and parts of Lorestan. These regions are known for their snowy winters and lush, pleasant springs, especially in the Zagros Mountains. Historically, the Kurdish homeland stretched over a larger area, but conflicts with the Ottoman Empire led to territorial losses. Today, the Kurdish community thrives in the Zagros range, which remains a popular tourist destination.
Kurdish, a member of the Western Iranian language family, has multiple dialects. The most spoken are Kurmanji in the north and Sorani in the south, with other dialects like Laki and Ilami. Kurdish plays a vital role in maintaining Kurdish identity, connecting communities across Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.
Traditionally, Kurds led a nomadic life, herding sheep and goats across the Mesopotamian plains and the highlands of Turkey and Iran. After World War I, national borders disrupted this lifestyle, prompting many to settle in villages, take up farming, or pursue other occupations. Tribal structures, once central to Kurdish society and led by sheikhs or agas, have diminished with urbanization but continue to influence Kurdish culture.
Kurdish cuisine reflects the vibrant culture and rugged landscapes of their homeland. Popular dishes include:
Kurdish attire showcases cultural pride and craftsmanship while blending practicality with elegance.
These garments embody both functionality and the enduring cultural pride of the Kurdish people.
Kurdish handicrafts reflect a deep bond with nature and tradition, crafted from materials like wood, wool, and leather.
Seneh Kilim: Renowned for its vibrant colors and intricate geometric patterns, the Seneh Kilim represents the Kurdish connection to their rugged homeland. Its motifs often draw inspiration from the mountains and daily life of its artisans.
Klash: Lightweight and durable, Klash footwear is crafted from cotton and leather, ideal for traversing rocky terrain.
Moj Weaving: This wool-based craft produces resilient textiles for bedspreads and traditional clothing, showcasing Kurdish ingenuity.
Felt-making: Using heat and pressure, Kurdish felt-making creates robust fabrics for hats, bags, and cold-weather garments, essential in mountainous climates.
Carpet Weaving: Unlike Persian carpets, these rugs are woven freely, creating unique designs that reflect the weaver’s life and surroundings.
Jajim Weaving: Jajim is a thick, hand-woven fabric made from sheep wool, featuring nature-inspired patterns. It’s used for blankets, rugs, and household items.
Shaal Weaving: Using wool from the Markhuz goat, creates shaals that are cool in summer and warm in winter, making them highly valued in Kurdish culture.
Kurdish music and dance are integral to Kurdish culture, embodying their history, resilience, and sense of community.
Kurdish Music
Rich and deeply rooted, Kurdish music is a generational tradition. Instruments like the Saz, Sorna, and Daf bring life to folk songs that explore themes of love, exile, and resistance, mirroring the experiences and emotions of the Kurdish people.
Kurdish Dance
Govend, the traditional Kurdish dance, is performed in circles or lines, symbolizing unity and joy. Men’s dances are energetic and fast-paced, while women’s dances emphasize elegance and grace. Accompanied by vibrant music, these dances are central to Kurdish celebrations and cultural expression.
“The Iranian Kurds are an integral part of the country’s ethnic mosaic, with their unique culture, bravery, and deep connection to the rugged terrain of the Zagros Mountains. Despite historical divisions, their identity remains strong, marked by hospitality, joy, and a rich cultural heritage.”